
Bisa jadi farmasis akan tidak mendapat imbalan yang layak atas ilmunya, mengingat standar gaji di Indonesia.
Circumscriptio = penggolongan daun berdasarkan letak bagian yang terlebar :
1. terlebar di tengah helaian daun :
- bulat / bundar, contoh : teratai besar / Nelumbium nelumbo.
- bangun perisai (bulat, tangkai tertanam pada tengah helaian).
- jorong / oval / elip (2:1), misal : nangka / Artocarpus integra.
- memanjang (3:1), contoh : srikaya / Annona squamosa.
- bangun lancet (5:1), example : daun kamboja / Plumiera acuminata.
2. terlebar di bawah tengah helaian daun :
Pangkal daun tidak bertoreh / tidak berlekuk :
- bulat telur, misal : daun kembang sepatu / Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
- segitiga (sama kaki), contoh : daun bunga pukul empat / Mirabilis jalapa.
- delta (sama sisi).
- belah ketupat.
Pangkal daun bertoreh / berlekuk :
- jantung, misal : daun waru / Hibiscus tiliaceus.
- ginjal.
- anak panah.
- tombak.
- bertelinga.
3. terlebar di atas tengah-tengah helaian daun :
- bulat telur sungsang, contoh : daun sawo kecik / Manilkara kauki.
- jantung sungsang, misal : semanggi gunung / Oxalis corniculata.
- segitiga terbalik / pasak.
- sudip (seperti bulat telur terbalik tapi bawah memanjang.
4. tidak ada yang terlebar / sama lebar :
- garis, example : daun rumput / Gramineae sp.
- pita (lebih panjang), misal : daun jagung / Zea mays.
- pedang (daun tebal di tengah), contoh : daun nenas seberang / Agave sisalana.
- paku.
- jarum.
Tepi daun.
1. rata.
2. bertoreh / berlekuk :
toreh merdeka (toreh tidak seberapa dalam) :
- bergerigi (sinus dan angulus sama lancip).
- bergerigi ganda / rangkap (angulus cukup besar dan tepi bergerigi lagi).
- bergigi (sinus tumpul, angulus lancip).
- beringgit (kebalikan bergigi), example : cocor bebek / Kalanchoe pinnata.
- berombak (sinus dan angulus tumpul).
toreh tidak merdeka :
- berlekuk menyirip (berlekuk = dalamnya toreh kurang dari setengah tulang di kanan kiri, menyirip = mirip sirip ikan.
- bercangap menyirip (bercangap = dalamnya toreh sama dengan setengah tulang di kanan kiri, misal : keluwih / Artocarpus communis.
- berbagi menyirip (berbagi = toreh lebih dari setengah tulang di kanan kiri).
- berlekuk menjari (menjari = seperti jari tangan, jumlah ganjil, ditengah paling besar dan panjang).
- bercangap menjari.
- berbagi menjari, contoh : ketela pohon / Manihot utilissima.
Basis / pangkal daun :
1. runcing.
2. meruncing.
3. tumpul.
4. membulat.
5. rompang / rata.
6. berlekuk.
Rumus Bunga.
Urutannya tetap, berlambang huruf, angka dan dibatasi dengan koma :
1. jenis kelamin (jantan / benang sari, betina / putik, banci).
2. simetri (banyak atau satu).
3. Kelopak / K / kalix.
4. mahkota / C / corolla.
5. benang sari / A / alat jantan / androecium.
6. putik / alat betina / G / gynaecium / daun buah.
Bisa juga cuma ada :
Tenda bunga / P / perigonium.
Bila tersusun lebih dari lingkaran, diberi tanda "+".
Jika berlekatan satu sama lain, ditaruh dalam kurung.
Jika berlekatan dua bagian bunga, ditaruh dalam kurung besar.
Untuk bakal buah yang menumpang, di bawah angka digaris.
Untuk bakal buah yang tenggelam, di atas angka digaris.
BUAH.
Buah buni = buah yang dindingnya mempunyai dua lapisan, yaitu lapisan luar yang tipis agak menjangat atau kaku seperti kulit (belulang) dan lapisan dalam yang tebal, lunak dan berair, biji-bijinya terdapat bebas dalam bagian yang lunak itu, misal : pepaya / Carica papaya, duku / Lansium domesticum.
Tipe-tipe sel xilem sekunder :
A. sistem aksial :
1. unsur-unsur trakea yaitu trakeid dan komponen trakea.
2. serat yaitu serat trakeid dan serat libriform.
3. sel-sel parenkim.
B. sistem radial / jari-jari empulur.
1. sel parenkim jari-jari empulur.
Natural dye, as we knew, many crop kinds and the animal that had beautiful and sparkling colours.
The use of the pigment that came from the crop and this animal has for a long time been carried out by our predecessors, for example the pandanus leaves, the leaves embroidered, turmeric et cetera.
Chlorophyll was the natural pigment green that generally is met to the leaves, so as often was acknowledged as the chlorophyll pigment.
This pigment often was asosiationed with the freshness of vegetables or did not yet cook to the fruit.
Gotten by 2 chlorophyll kinds that succeeded in being isolated that is chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B.
Both of them were met to the crop with the comparison 3 :1.
Chlorophyll A including in the pigment that was mentioned porfirin; haemoglobin also including inside. Clorophil a contained the atom Mg that was tied with N from 2 rings pirol with the covalent association as well as by two N atoms from two rings other pirol via the association of the co-ordinate; that is N from pirol that contributed his electron couple in Mg.
In the process of the processing of food, the most general change happened was the replacement of the magnesium atom with the hydrogen atom that formed feofitin was marked by the change in the colour from green became brown olive that was gloomy.
Mioglobin and haemoglobin were the red pigment to meat that was compiled by protein globin and heme that had the core took the form of iron.
Heme was the compound that consisted of two parts that is the iron atom and a ring plana that was big that is porfirin.
Porfirin was compiled by four rings pirol that was connected one in an other manner with meten bridge.
Heme was also mentioned feroprotoporfirin.
Both haemoglobin and mioglobin had the function that was similar that is functioning in transfor oxygen for the need of metabolism.
Karotenoid was the coloured pigment group yellow, oranye, red oranye that was most protracted in lipida (oil), came from the animal and the crop, for example fukoxanthin that was met in moss, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin was gotten to the foliage, likopen to tomatoes, kapsanthin to the red chilli, biksin in annatto, caroten to carrots, and astazanthin to the lobster.
Anthosianin and anthoxanthin was classified as the pigment that was mentioned flavonoid that generally protracted in water.
Anthosianin was compiled by one aglikon that take the form of anthosianidin that teresterifikasi with the sugar molecule that could one or more.
Sugar that often was found was glucose, ramnosa, galaktosa, xilosa and arabinosa.
Anthosianin that contained one sugar molecule was mentioned monosida, two sugars were mentioned diosida and three sugars were mentioned triosida.
Gotten by six kinds anthosianidin that often was met in the wild, that was important for food that is pelargonidin, sianidin, delfinidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvinidin.
All anthosianidin was derivative from the structure of the foundation kation flavilium.
To the molecule flavilium happened subsitusi with the molecule OH and Ome to form anthosianidin.
The colour of the pigment anthosianin red, blue, violet and usually was gotten to the flower, the fruit and vegetables.
The colour of the pigment was influenced by the concentration of the pigment, and pH. Pada the watery concentration anthosianin was blue, conversely in the thick concentration was red and the normal concentration was purple.
In the low pH the pigment anthosianin was red and in the high pH changed became violet and afterwards became blue.